Three-dimensional Integrated Guidance and Control for Leader-Follower Flexible Formation of Fixed Wing UAVs

2025-10-07

AI Summary

Maintaining flexible formation geometry for fixed-wing UAVs in 3D leader–follower flight remains challenging under strong aerodynamic–thrust coupling, GPS-denied environments, and non-cooperative scenarios. Method: This paper proposes a nonlinear integrated guidance and control strategy that employs relative distance and line-of-sight (LOS) angle—the angle between the follower’s velocity vector and the LOS to the leader—as cooperative variables. Departing from conventional fixed-relative-position constraints, the approach enables autonomous maintenance of a configurable hemispherical formation region. A dynamic surface backstepping controller is designed with integrated Lyapunov barrier functions to rigorously enforce LOS-angle constraints and ensure uniformly ultimately bounded tracking errors. Results: Simulations demonstrate strong robustness against aggressive leader maneuvers, high-precision formation keeping, smooth transient response, and exclusive reliance on inter-UAV relative measurements—without requiring GPS or cooperative navigation aids.

Technology Category

• Intelligent Robots: Behavior Learning & Control
• Humans and AI: Teamwork, Team formation
• Multiagent Systems: Adversarial Agents

Application Category

• Responsible Web: Machine-in-the-loop, human agency and autonomy
• Semantics and Knowledge: Methods to enhance, augment, integrate or synergize semantic models such as knowledge graphs and LLMs
• User Modeling, Personalization and Recommendation: Fairness-aware retrieval and ranking

Abstract

This paper presents a nonlinear integrated guidance and control (IGC) approach for flexible leader-follower formation flight of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) while accounting for high-fidelity aerodynamics and thrust dynamics. Unlike conventional leader-follower schemes that fix the follower's position relative to the leader, the follower is steered to maintain range and bearing angles (which is the angle between its velocity vector and its line-of-sight (LOS) with respect to the leader) arbitrarily close to the prescribed values, enabling the follower to maintain formation on a hemispherical region behind the leader. The proposed IGC framework directly maps leader-follower relative range dynamics to throttle commands, and the follower's velocity orientation relative to the LOS to aerodynamic control surface deflections. This enables synergism between guidance and control subsystems. The control design uses a dynamic surface control-based backstepping approach to achieve convergence to the desired formation set, where Lyapunov barrier functions are incorporated to ensure the follower's bearing angle is constrained within specified bounds. Rigorous stability analysis guarantees uniform ultimate boundedness of all error states and strict constraint satisfaction in the presence of aerodynamic nonlinearities. The proposed flexible formation scheme allows the follower to have an orientation mismatch relative to the leader to execute anticipatory reconfiguration by transitioning between the relative positions in the admissible formation set when the leader aggressively maneuvers. The proposed IGC law relies only on relative information and onboard sensors without the information about the leader's maneuver, making it suitable for GPS-denied or non-cooperative scenarios. Finally, we present simulation results to vindicate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.

Problem

• Develops nonlinear integrated guidance for flexible UAV formation flight
• Enables formation maintenance under aerodynamic and thrust dynamics
• Achieves robust control without leader maneuver information

Innovation

• Nonlinear IGC for flexible UAV formation with aerodynamics
• Dynamic surface backstepping with Lyapunov barrier functions
• Relative information based control for GPS denied scenarios