Problem
Research questions and friction points this paper is trying to address.
Transient Errors
CKKS
Homomorphic Encryption
FHE Multiplication
Ciphertext Components
When and Where Faults Matter: A Study of Transient Errors in CKKS Multiplication
🤖 AI Summary
This study investigates the impact of transient faults during multiplication operations in the CKKS homomorphic encryption scheme on the correctness of computed results. By systematically injecting faults into ciphertext components (c₀, c₁) at varying temporal and spatial locations and analyzing the resulting numerical error propagation, the work reveals the spatiotemporal sensitivity of CKKS multiplication to transient errors. The research quantifies the perturbation induced by diverse fault patterns on decryption accuracy and, for the first time, establishes the critical influence of both fault location and timing on output error magnitude. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical design guidance for developing highly reliable fully homomorphic encryption systems.
📝 Abstract
Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a privacy-preserving encryption paradigm that enables computation directly on encrypted data without requiring decryption. In this paper, we study errors in fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) computations, with a particular focus on server-side homomorphic multiplication in the unoptimized CKKS (Cheon--Kim--Kim--Song) scheme. We show that both the timing and the location of errors in the ciphertext components \(c_0\) and \(c_1\) have a significant impact on the correctness of the final FHE output.
Innovation
Methods, ideas, or system contributions that make the work stand out.
transient errors
CKKS
homomorphic multiplication
fault analysis
fully homomorphic encryption
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