Search and Rescue on the Plane

2026-08-12

AI Summary

This study addresses an online search problem in the plane where an agent, starting from an arbitrary position and orientation, must locate an unknown target on the positive x-axis and transport it to the origin. Through competitive analysis, geometric modeling, and optimization theory, the work reveals a strategy phase transition induced by a critical angle θ* ≈ 15.6°: when the initial heading angle is below θ*, the optimal strategy involves first moving to a specific checkpoint before searching along the x-axis; otherwise, direct search is optimal. The paper provides an explicit formula for the checkpoint location as a function of the initial angle, derives a closed-form expression for the competitive ratio, and fully characterizes the structure of the optimal competitive algorithm for any initial orientation, thereby achieving theoretically optimal performance.

Abstract

We study a planar variant of the search and rescue problem whereby an agent starting at an arbitrary position $P_{θ,r} = (r\cosθ, r\sinθ)$ in the plane must locate an object at an unknown position on the positive $x$-axis and deliver it to the origin. Our main contribution is to characterize the optimal form of any competitive algorithm, derive closed-form expressions for the competitive ratio, and identify a critical angle $θ^* \approx 15.6^\circ$ which yields a phase transition to optimal competitive search and delivery in the following sense. For each angle $-π\leq θ\leq π$ we compute a checkpoint (landing position on the $x$-axis) where the agent must go first prior to initiating a search on the $x$-axis in order to optimize the competitive ratio of search and delivery. We show that if $|θ| \geq θ^*$ then the checkpoint is at the origin, while if $|θ| < θ^*$ then the agent should land at the checkpoint $(r \cdot k_{|θ|}, 0)$ on the $x$-axis, where $k_{|θ|}$ is a real number given by an explicit formula we present.

Problem

• search and rescue
• planar search
• competitive ratio
• optimal algorithm
• unknown target location

Innovation

• competitive algorithm
• search and rescue
• planar search
• competitive ratio
• phase transition