Dream-MPC: Gradient-Based Model Predictive Control with Latent Imagination

2026-05-06

Abstract

State-of-the-art model-based Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches either use gradient-free, population-based methods for planning, learned policy networks, or a combination of policy networks and planning. Hybrid approaches that combine Model Predictive Control (MPC) with a learned model and a policy prior to leverage the advantages of both paradigms have shown promising results. However, these approaches typically rely on gradient-free optimization methods, which can be computationally expensive for high-dimensional control tasks. While gradient-based methods are a promising alternative, recent works have empirically shown that gradient-based methods often perform worse than their gradient-free counterparts. We propose Dream-MPC, a novel approach that generates few candidate trajectories from a rolled-out policy and optimizes each trajectory by gradient ascent using a learned world model, uncertainty regularization and amortization of optimization iterations over time by reusing previously optimized actions. Our results on 24 continuous control tasks show that Dream-MPC can significantly improve the performance of the underlying policy and can outperform gradient-free MPC and state-of-the-art baselines. We will open source our code and more at https://dream-mpc.github.io.

Problem

• Model Predictive Control
• Gradient-based Optimization
• Reinforcement Learning
• Continuous Control
• World Model

Innovation

• Gradient-based MPC
• Latent Imagination
• Uncertainty Regularization
• Amortized Optimization
• Model-based Reinforcement Learning