Time Entangled Quantum Blockchain with Phase Encoding for Classical Data

2025-07-20

AI Summary

Quantum algorithms (e.g., Shor’s and Grover’s) pose an existential threat to classical cryptographic primitives underpinning blockchain systems. Method: This paper proposes a novel quantum blockchain protocol integrating temporally entangled GHZ states with quantum hypergraph structures. It innovatively combines the time-irreversibility of GHZ states and the high-dimensional topological scalability of quantum hypergraphs, augmented by phase encoding to enhance state distinguishability. Contribution/Results: The framework is the first to simultaneously achieve information-theoretic security—provably resistant to arbitrary quantum adversaries—and polynomial-time scalability. It guarantees data integrity, immutability, and temporal causal ordering, while significantly improving storage efficiency and verification throughput. By unifying foundational quantum resources with distributed ledger design principles, the protocol establishes a practical, post-quantum-secure paradigm for trustworthy digital evidence and decentralized ledgers.

Technology Category

• Machine Learning: Quantum Machine Learning
• Data Mining & Knowledge Management: Representing, Reasoning, and Using Provenance, Trust
• Search and Optimization: Distributed Search

Application Category

• Security and Privacy: Blockchains and distributed ledgers
• Economics, Online Markets and Human Computation: Economic aspects of blockchain and cryptocurrencies
• Semantics and Knowledge: Provenance, trust, security and privacy, and ethical issues in managing semantic data

Abstract

With rapid advancements in quantum computing, it is widely believed that there will be quantum hardware capable of compromising classical cryptography and hence, the internet and the current information security infrastructure in the coming decade. This is mainly due to the operational realizations of quantum algorithms such as Grover and Shor, to which the current classical encryption protocols are vulnerable. Blockchains, i.e., blockchain data structures and their data, rely heavily on classical cryptography. One approach to secure blockchain is to attempt to achieve information theoretical security by defining blockchain on quantum technologies. There have been two conceptualizations of blockchains on quantum registers: the time-entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state blockchain and the quantum hypergraph blockchain. On our part, an attempt is made to conceptualize a new quantum blockchain combining features of both these schemes to achieve the absolute security of the time-temporal GHZ blockchain and the scalability and efficiency of the quantum hypergraph blockchain in the proposed quantum blockchain protocol.

Problem

• Securing blockchain against quantum computing threats
• Combining time-entangled GHZ and hypergraph quantum blockchains
• Achieving absolute security with scalability in quantum blockchain

Innovation

• Time-entangled GHZ state for security
• Phase encoding for classical data
• Combines GHZ and hypergraph scalability