On a General Theoretical Framework for Radio Frequency Fingerprint-Based Authentication
This work addresses the lack of a general theoretical foundation for radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) as a reliable device identifier, which has hindered its practical deployment in authentication systems. The paper proposes the first unified framework that theoretically links the physical formation mechanisms of RFFs to their core authentication properties—uniqueness, stability, distinguishability, and unforgeability. By integrating signal modeling, information-theoretic analysis, and formal security characterization, the framework systematically elucidates how RFFs are generated, evolve, and are observed across the transmitter–channel–receiver chain. This study establishes an interpretable and verifiable theoretical basis for RFF-based authentication, enabling co-design of communication and security functionalities and significantly enhancing the trustworthiness and feasibility of RFF deployment in real-world systems.