Cautious optimism for deep parameterized quantum circuits
This study investigates how the generalization performance of parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) evolves as model size increases. Challenging the conventional wisdom that larger models generalize worse, the work demonstrates that deep PQCs trained with gradient-based methods can exhibit a double descent phenomenon—where increasing the number of parameters actually improves generalization. Through rigorous theoretical analysis grounded in perturbation theory and random matrix spectral theory, combined with systematic experiments on re-uploading PQCs across multiple datasets, this paper provides the first theoretical explanation and empirical validation of double descent in quantum machine learning. The findings consistently hold across diverse datasets and training scales, contesting classical notions of generalization and offering both theoretical grounding and practical confidence for scalable quantum machine learning.