TEyeD: Over 20 Million Real-World Eye Images with Pupil, Eyelid, and Iris 2D and 3D Segmentations, 2D and 3D Landmarks, 3D Eyeball, Gaze Vector, and Eye Movement Types
Existing eye movement and gaze estimation research is hindered by the scarcity of large-scale, multi-scenario, high-precision publicly available datasets—especially in real-world VR/AR environments. To address this, we introduce the largest head-mounted device-collected eye image dataset to date (>20 million images), spanning diverse daily activities and VR/AR scenarios. It features the first multi-device synchronized acquisition and unified annotation of comprehensive eye-related attributes: 2D/3D eye landmarks, pupil/iris/eyelid segmentation masks, parametric 3D eyeball models, gaze vectors, and fine-grained eye movement types. We propose a geometrically constrained eyeball fitting and gaze estimation method, integrated with a semi-automatic labeling pipeline validated by domain experts. This dataset establishes the first real-world benchmark for eye movement analysis, yielding consistent improvements of 12–28% in eye movement estimation and gaze prediction accuracy across multiple state-of-the-art models.