An open-source implementation and validation of 5G NR Configured Grant for URLLC in ns-3 5G LENA: a scheduling case study in Industry 4.0 scenarios

2026-06-17

AI Summary

This study addresses the challenge of excessive uplink latency in existing 5G dynamic scheduling—caused by signaling overhead—which hinders support for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) requirements in Industry 4.0. The authors present the first implementation and validation of the 5G NR Configured Grant (CG) mechanism within the open-source system-level simulator ns-3 5G-LENA. By pre-allocating uplink resources, CG eliminates per-packet scheduling requests, while enhanced OFDMA modeling improves the fidelity of 5G NR’s flexibility. This work fills a critical gap in open-source platforms for simulating URLLC-enabling features and provides a reproducible framework for scheduling research. Simulation results align closely with theoretical analysis, demonstrating that CG significantly reduces latency, meets industrial reliability demands, and underscores the importance of efficient radio resource utilization.

Abstract

Factories are undergoing a digital transformation towards cost-efficient, zero-defect manufacturing, creating the need for communication networks capable of meeting stringent latency and reliability requirements. 5G and beyond networks are being designed to support Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC). However, the use of dynamic scheduling for uplink transmissions introduces additional latency due to the signaling required to request and allocate radio resources. To reduce this latency, 5G NR defines Configured Grant (CG), which pre-allocates uplink resources and eliminates the need for per-packet scheduling requests. Accurate simulation tools implementing URLLC features are essential to evaluate the capability of 5G networks to support time-critical services and to investigate new solutions. Nevertheless, the availability of such tools is limited and, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no open-source 5G NR simulator currently supports CG. To address this gap, this paper presents the first implementation of CG in an open-source 5G NR simulator. Specifically, CG has been integrated into the ns-3 5G-LENA system-level simulator and made publicly available. In addition, the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) implementation has been enhanced to better reflect the flexibility of 5G NR. The implementation is validated through Industry 4.0 scenarios, where the latency performance achieved with CG under different scheduling policies is analyzed. Results show that the latency obtained with 5G-LENA closely matches that reported in previous analytical studies. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of efficient radio resource utilization to reduce latency and satisfy the requirements of critical industrial services.

Problem

• 5G NR
• Configured Grant
• URLLC
• open-source simulator
• Industry 4.0

Innovation

• Configured Grant
• URLLC
• 5G NR
• ns-3
• Industrial IoT