Comparison of Credential Management Systems Based on the Standards of IEEE, ETSI, and YD/T 3957-2021

2026-03-02

AI Summary

This study addresses the interoperability challenges in V2X networks caused by the mutual incompatibility among IEEE, ETSI, and the Chinese national standard YD/T 3957-2021 for certificate management. For the first time, an end-to-end protocol stack implementing all three standards is realized on a unified experimental platform, supporting both international cryptographic algorithms (NIST P-256, SHA-256, AES-128) and Chinese national algorithms (SM2/SM3/SM4). The work systematically compares these standards in terms of certificate format, signature structure, and request procedures, and empirically evaluates the latency and resource overhead of message signing and verification. The results demonstrate the feasibility of deploying SM2/SM3/SM4 in V2X scenarios, providing critical empirical evidence for the development of a secure, multi-standard-compliant certificate management system.

Technology Category

• Application Domains: Mobility, Driving & Flight
• Planning, Routing, and Scheduling: Applications
• Multiagent Systems: Agent Communication

Application Category

• Systems and Infrastructure for Web, Mobile and WoT: Virtualization and resource management in Web systems and infrastructures
• Security and Privacy: Large-scale security measurements
• Responsible Web: Audits of web technologies, standards, platforms, and applications

Abstract

As V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) technology becomes increasingly prevalent, the security of V2X networks has garnered growing attention worldwide. In North America, the IEEE 1609 series standards are primarily used, while Europe adopts the ETSI series standards, and China has also established its industry standard, YD/T 3957-2021, among others. Although these standards share some commonalities, they also exhibit differences. To achieve compatibility across these standards, analyzing their similarities and differences is a crucial issue. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing the three major standards mentioned above, discussing aspects such as certificate formats, signed message formats, and certificate request processes. Additionally, this research evaluates the efficiency of different cryptographic methods, including NIST P-256 and SM2-256, SHA-256 and SM3-256, as well as AES-128 and SM4-128. Finally, the study implements these three major standards on V2X devices and compares the efficiency of message signing and signature verification in V2X systems, providing a reference for the development of a secure certificate management system for V2X networks.

Problem

• V2X
• Credential Management
• Interoperability
• Security Standards
• Certificate Management

Innovation

• V2X security
• certificate management
• standard comparison
• cryptographic efficiency
• SM2/SM3/SM4