What Are You Really Asking For? A Comparative 5W1H Analysis of Learner Questioning in CPR Training with IVAs in Screen-based and Augmented Reality Environments

2026-03-15

AI Summary

This study investigates how the medium—screen versus augmented reality (AR)—influences the types of questions learners pose to intelligent virtual agents (IVAs) during CPR training and their subsequent cognitive engagement, mediated by perceived psychological presence. Drawing on the 5W1H framework, the research integrates user experiments, content analysis, and questionnaire-based measures, marking the first application of this framework to questioning behavior in IVA interactions. Findings reveal that AR-IVAs significantly enhance spatial and social presence, fostering deeper, clarification- and comprehension-oriented questions, whereas screen-based IVAs tend to elicit more procedure-optimization queries. The study elucidates the role of medium-induced presence not as a general mediator but as a selective filter, with learners’ motivational and strategic characteristics significantly moderating this effect.

Technology Category

• Intelligent Robots: Cognitive Robotics
• Cognitive Modeling & Cognitive Systems: Social Cognition And Interaction
• Humans and AI: Game Design — Virtual Humans, NPCs and Autonomous Characters

Application Category

• Web Mining and Content Analysis: Community question answering
• User Modeling, Personalization and Recommendation: Practical large-scale studies of user experience
• Responsible Web: Machine-in-the-loop, human agency and autonomy

Abstract

Question-asking is one of the key indicators of cognitive engagement. However, understanding how the distinct psychological affordances of presentation media shape learners' spoken inquiries with embodied Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVAs) remains limited. To systematically examine this process, we propose a 5W1H-based framework for analyzing learner questions. Using this framework, we conducted a user study comparing an Augmented Reality-based IVA (AR-IVA) deployed in the physical environment with a screen-based IVA (Video-IVA) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instruction. Results showed that the AR-IVA elicited higher spatial and social presence and promoted more frequent and longer questions focused on clarification and understanding. In contrast, the Video-IVA encouraged questions regarding procedural refinement. Presence acted as a selective filter, shaping the timing and topic of questions rather than as a universal mediator. These effects were significantly moderated by learners' motivational and strategic characteristics toward learning. Based on these findings, we propose design implications for IVA-supported learning systems.

Problem

• Intelligent Virtual Agents
• 5W1H analysis
• Augmented Reality
• CPR training
• learner questioning

Innovation

• 5W1H analysis
• Intelligent Virtual Agent (IVA)
• Augmented Reality (AR)
• presence
• learner questioning