🤖 AI Summary
研究通过多智能体离线深度强化学习方法解决了复杂校园环境中毫米波基站最优部署的NP难问题，实现全覆盖和高效计算收敛。
📝 Abstract
Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has recently gained a great attention due to its real-time adaptation and effectiveness in complex optimization problems. This paper investigates the optimal deployment of millimeter-wave (mmWave) base stations (BSs) in a realistic, non-convex campus topology. The optimization problem is NP-hard, due to the non-convex, non-smooth nature of the max-min fairness objective. To overcome these constraints, we formulate the BS placement as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and systematically benchmark four DRL schemes: a discrete single-agent Deep Q-Network (DQN), a spatially partitioned Multi-Agent DQN, a continuous single-agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), and a geographically partitioned multi-agent DDPG framework. Numerical evaluations reveal that the multi-agent DDPG approach substantially outperforms single-agent in dense scenarios. Additionally full coverage is achieved, and a fairness Jain's index of 0.94 is obtained. Finally, the multi-agent demonstrates highly efficient computational convergence of dense scenarios with $400$ users.