Problem
Research questions and friction points this paper is trying to address.
CPR training
external feedback
skill retention
psychomotor skills
attention division
From Scaffolding to Internalization: Enhancing CPR Training with In-Situ Visualization and Kinesthetic Feedback
🤖 AI Summary
This study addresses the limitations of existing CPR training systems, which rely on extrinsic feedback that weakens the coupling between action and bodily awareness, resulting in insufficient skill internalization and poor retention after support withdrawal. Drawing on formative research with novices and BLS instructors, the authors propose three design principles: embedded task-space feedback, active kinesthetic guidance, and phased fading of assistance. These principles underpin Kinesthetic-CPR, a stage-adaptive multimodal mixed-reality system that uniquely integrates in-situ visualization with kinesthetic feedback and dynamically modulates support intensity according to learners’ progression. A controlled experiment with 60 participants demonstrates that Kinesthetic-CPR significantly enhances both the quality of CPR skill acquisition and long-term retention, offering a novel paradigm for high-fidelity emergency response training.
📝 Abstract
CPR training requires learners to not only understand explicit procedural targets, such as compression depth and rate, but also to internalize these targets as stable psychomotor skills. However, existing CPR training systems often rely on feedback presented outside the action space, which divides learners' attention between performing compressions and monitoring external guidance. This separation weakens the coupling between action and bodily sensation and may lead to an over-reliance on external feedback, compromising skill retention once support is removed. To address this challenge, we conducted a formative study with novice trainees and certified BLS instructors, from which we derived three design goals: embedding feedback within the task space, providing active kinesthetic guidance, and gradually fading assistance based on learning phases. Informed by these insights, we designed Kinesthetic-CPR, a stage-adaptive multimodal mixed reality CPR training system, and evaluated it in a controlled user study across two sub-studies (N = 60). This work offers design implications for CPR training systems that aim to better support skill retention.
Innovation
Methods, ideas, or system contributions that make the work stand out.
in-situ visualization
kinesthetic feedback
stage-adaptive training
mixed reality
skill internalization
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