🤖 AI Summary
BDI agents in multi-agent systems (MAS) exhibit inconsistent and race-prone responses to external concurrent events. Method: We propose the first evaluation paradigm for BDI frameworks under external concurrency, combining formal modeling, concurrent event injection, temporal logic verification, and empirical simulation across multiple frameworks (e.g., Jason, 2APL). Contribution/Results: Our analysis systematically identifies 12 classes of concurrency anomalies across five mainstream BDI frameworks, exposing critical coordination failures among event scheduling, belief update, and intention execution. Based on these findings, we design a lightweight intervention protocol that preserves original framework architectures while significantly improving event-processing correctness—from an average of 63% to 91%. The protocol further enhances system stability and result reproducibility, offering a practical, deployable solution to concurrency-related reliability issues in BDI-based MAS.