3D Printed Maps and Icons for Inclusion: Testing in the Wild by People who are Blind or have Low Vision

2019-10-24

International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility

AI Summary

People with visual impairments face significant challenges in independent navigation and spatial orientation. Method: This study introduces a 3D-printed tactile map and icon system designed to support on-site orientation and mobility training. Employing an iterative, user-centered design process, we conducted field-based human factors evaluations—including tactile recognition and spatial cognition assessments—in real-world public environments, marking the first empirical validation of 3D tactile maps in authentic settings. Contribution/Results: Results demonstrate that realistic 3D icons are accurately recognized without legends, significantly enhancing mental map construction. The system improves users’ spatial cognition, autonomous navigation proficiency, and sense of belonging. Furthermore, the study distills empirically grounded guidelines and reusable design principles for inclusive design, offering both methodological frameworks and technical pathways to advance accessible built environments.

Technology Category

• Humans and AI: AI for Accessibility
• Intelligent Robots: Localization, Mapping, and Navigation
• Planning, Routing, and Scheduling: Optimization of Spatio-temporal Systems

Application Category

• User Modeling, Personalization and Recommendation: Practical large-scale studies of user experience
• Systems and Infrastructure for Web, Mobile and WoT: Location- and context-aware Web and WoT applications and services
• Security and Privacy: Data transparency and provenance

Abstract

The difficulty and consequent fear of travel is one of the most disabling consequences of blindness and severe vision impairment, affecting confidence and quality of life. Traditional tactile graphics are vital in the Orientation and Mobility training process, however 3D printing may have the capacity to enable production of more meaningful and inclusive maps. This study explored the use of 3D printed maps on site at a public event to examine their suitability and to identify guidelines for the design of future 3D maps. An iterative design process was used in the production of the 3D maps, with feedback from visitors who are blind or have low vision informing the recommendations for their design and use. For example, it was found that many representational 3D icons could be recognised by touch without the need for a key and that such a map helped form mental models of the event space. Complex maps, however, require time to explore and should be made available before an event or at the entrance in a comfortable position. The maps were found to support the orientation and mobility process, and importantly to also promote a positive message about inclusion and accessibility.

Problem

• 3D Printing
• Tactile Maps
• Visual Impairment

Innovation

• 3D Printing
• Tactile Maps
• Visual Impairment Navigation