🤖 AI Summary
This work addresses the challenge of modeling the joint distribution of backbone and side-chain torsion angles of adjacent amino acids in proteins on a flat torus. It proposes the first d-dimensional toroidal copula distribution featuring a closed-form normalizing constant and an explicit covariance structure. Built upon a low-rank latent variable model, the approach constructs high-dimensional toroidal mixture distributions and achieves scalable modeling from T² to T¹⁴ for the first time. The proposed model attains state-of-the-art performance in both likelihood and sparsity, establishing a new paradigm for statistical modeling of local protein conformations and advancing structural biology toward deeper integration with thermodynamic and kinetic analyses.
📝 Abstract
Modeling dependencies between random variables independently from their marginals is fundamental in applications ranging from finance to (structural) biology. In this work, we undertake this problem using circula to model data living on the $d$-dimensional flat torus $\mathbb{T}^d$, making two contributions. First, using a low rank covariance structure to define circulae based on a latent variable model, we design the first closed-form normalized distribution on the flat torus $\mathbb{T}^d$--with covariance structure. Second, building on this framework, we propose the first models for joint distributions of torsion angles (backbone and side-chains) for neighboring amino-acids in proteins. In practice, we fit mixtures on flat torii from $\mathbb{T}^{2}$ to $\mathbb{T}^{14}$, and show they are SOTA in terms of likelihood and sparsity. We anticipate that these models will prove fundamental to move from discrete structural studies like in AlphaFold2, to thermodynamics and kinetics, which are the ultimate goals in theoretical biophysics.