Order-invariant cluster first-order logic on graph classes of bounded degree

2026-04-30

AI Summary

This study investigates whether order-invariant yet order-enriched logics surpass the expressive power of first-order logic (FO) over classes of bounded-degree graphs. To this end, the authors introduce a restricted fragment termed “clustered first-order logic” and develop an analytical framework for order-invariance by constructing linear orders that preserve local similarity, thereby bridging local and global properties. They establish, for the first time, that over bounded-degree graph classes, the expressive power of order-invariant clustered first-order logic is fully contained within that of ordinary first-order logic. This result challenges the prevailing intuition that introducing an order necessarily disrupts locality and offers a novel pathway toward resolving the broader question of order-invariance for general first-order logic.

Abstract

We introduce a new logic, called \emph{cluster first-order logic}, a restricted fragment of first-order logic specifically designed to study order invariance. An order-invariant formula is one on a vocabulary that contains an order; however, whether a structure satisfies it or not is independent of the interpretation of the order. We show that while order-invariant cluster first-order logic can define properties outside the scope of plain first-order logic in general, its expressive power is included in that of first-order logic when it comes to classes of bounded degree. We establish this result by explicitly constructing linear orders such that similar structures remain similar when they are expanded with these orders. This similarity-preserving, local-to-global approach is technically involved and somewhat counterintuitive, since adding an order usually reveals distinctions that are otherwise hidden due to the locality of first-order logic. We believe that this work can be a stepping stone toward applying such techniques to plain first-order logic and toward settling the question of the expressive power of order-invariant plain first-order logic.

Problem

• order-invariance
• first-order logic
• bounded degree graphs
• expressive power
• cluster logic

Innovation

• cluster first-order logic
• order-invariance
• bounded degree graphs
• expressive power
• similarity-preserving orders