Attention: What Prevents Young Adults from Speaking Up Against Cyberbullying in an LLM-Powered Social Media Simulation

2026-05-04

AI Summary

This study investigates the psychological and social barriers that prevent young adults from publicly intervening in online bullying on social media. To this end, we developed Upstanders' Practicum, a large language model–based multi-agent social simulation system that enabled 34 participants to freely practice bystander intervention in an interactive and iterative virtual environment. Across three experimental rounds, we identified three key attention-shifting mechanisms and advanced a novel perspective framing bystander intervention as public norm-setting. Results demonstrated that, even without explicit instruction, participants spontaneously generated appropriate public intervention messages, thereby validating the efficacy of simulation-based training. The project also introduces and open-sources Truman Agents, the first multi-LLM agent platform specifically designed for cyberbullying research.

Abstract

Interactive, multi-agent social simulation systems have shown promise for helping users practice navigating various complex social situations across domains. This paper asks: To what extent can such systems help young adult (YA) bystanders speak up publicly against cyberbullying, a task often thwarted by complex, multi-party social dynamics? We created Upstanders' Practicum, a multi-AI-agent social media simulation powered by Large Language Models (LLMs), as a probe and observed 34 YAs freely practicing public bystander intervention across three iteratively refined versions. We found that practicing public bystander intervention in the simulation was helpful, but after participants made three attention shifts: (1) from inattention to paying true attention, (2) from self-focus ("I don't usually do this'') to attending to those directly involved, and (3) from resolving the private conflict between bully and victim ("maybe I could set up the meeting between them'') to addressing the broader audience online ("public comment is about norm-setting"). Only after these shifts did practice in the simulation start to help: participants then saw a reason to speak up publicly and, through continued practice, crafted tactful public messages without explicit instruction. These findings illuminate new design and research opportunities for bystander education beyond social skill instruction, namely, designing for true attention, for fostering a vocal upstander identity, and for seeing bystander intervention as public norm setting. In addition, we open-source Truman Agents (cornell-design-aigroup.github.io/TrumanAgents/), the first-of-its-kind multi-LLM-agent social media simulation platform that Upstanders' Practicum builds upon, for future cyberbullying and social media research.

Problem

• cyberbullying
• bystander intervention
• young adults
• social dynamics
• public speaking up

Innovation

• multi-agent simulation
• Large Language Models (LLMs)
• bystander intervention
• social media simulation
• attention shift