FO Value Discovery and Partial Vertex Cover Discovery

2026-07-07

AI Summary

This study addresses the Partial Vertex Cover Discovery problem under the token sliding model: given a graph, an initial token placement, and a movement budget, it asks whether a reachable target configuration satisfying the coverage requirement exists. The work proposes the first FO Value Discovery framework that integrates first-order logic value functions with cost constraints, capturing nonlinear interactions among vertex selections and introducing first-order definable correction terms into combinatorial optimization. Through parameterized complexity analysis and structural graph theory—including locally bounded clique-width and d-degenerate graphs—the paper establishes fixed-parameter tractability on graphs of locally bounded clique-width, while proving W[1]-hardness with respect to the combined parameter k + b. It further shows that the Vertex Cover Discovery problem remains NP-hard on planar graphs and is W[1]-hard when parameterized by clique cover number or cutwidth.

Abstract

We study solution discovery in the token-sliding model from a logical and cost-value optimization perspective. In solution discovery, we are given a graph, an initial placement of $k$ tokens, and a movement budget $b$. The task is to find a reachable target configuration satisfying a prescribed condition. Our results are inspired by \textsc{Partial Vertex Cover Discovery}, where the condition is that the~$k$ tokens cover at least $t$ edges of the input graph. This objective is not merely a sum of independent occupied vertex contributions: each selected vertex contributes its degree, but edges with both endpoints selected have to be subtracted once. To capture this phenomenon, we introduce \textsc{FO Value Discovery}, an optimization problem in which the value of a selected tuple is given by unary vertex weights together with first-order definable correction terms. We further generalize the setting to \textsc{FO Cost-Value Decision}, where vertices carry both costs and values, and the task is to decide whether there is a tuple whose first-order value expression reaches a prescribed value threshold while respecting a cost bound. Finally, we study the parameterized complexity of \textsc{Partial Vertex Cover Discovery} and \textsc{Vertex Cover Discovery}. As a consequence of the logical meta-theorems, we obtain fixed-parameter tractability of \textsc{Partial Vertex Cover Discovery} on several graph classes, including classes of locally bounded cliquewidth. We also show that \textsc{Partial Vertex Cover Discovery} is W[1]-hard parameterized by $k+b$ and fixed-parameter tractable on $d$-degenerate graphs parameterized by $k+d$. For \textsc{Vertex Cover Discovery}, we prove NP-hardness on planar graphs, W[1]-hardness parameterized by the clique cover number, even when a clique cover is supplied with the input, and W[1]-hardness with respect to parameter cutwidth.

Problem

• Partial Vertex Cover Discovery
• FO Value Discovery
• Token Sliding
• Cost-Value Optimization
• Parameterized Complexity

Innovation

• FO Value Discovery
• Partial Vertex Cover Discovery
• token-sliding model
• first-order definable optimization
• parameterized complexity