🤖 AI Summary
This study investigates the non-deterministic nature of Internet user packet routing paths and the mechanisms by which they are influenced by service providers and IP protocol versions. Leveraging five years of large-scale traceroute measurements spanning six ISP types, twenty autonomous systems, and fourteen countries, the work systematically reveals—across multiple nations, diverse ISP categories, and an extended temporal scale—that user-level paths frequently deviate from geographically shortest routes, often exhibiting significant cross-border detours. The research further demonstrates that transitioning between ISPs or upgrading to IPv6 substantially alters routing policies and end-to-end latency, highlighting the pronounced impact of both administrative and protocol-level factors on path selection in real-world networks.
📝 Abstract
Network communication using the Internet Protocol (IP) is a pillar of modern Internet applications. IP allows data packets to travel the world through a complex set of interconnected computer networks managed by different operators. How IP-based data communication changes over time can be interesting from an end-system's perspective without relying on underlying network providers. This article presents an extensive, trace-driven analysis of user data traffic (covering five years of observations, six large Internet service providers (covering research, business and consumer category type), twenty autonomous systems, and fourteen countries. Our three primary findings are: i users data packet transmission paths are not deterministic and does not always select the geographically shortest path; ii) user packets take different routes that cover many countries and detour between two fixed points. Even after changing the types of Internet service provider type (e.g., from commercial to research), the routing can differ significantly between two locations. iii) Packet transmission delay can be influenced by changing the Internet service provider and IP protocol versions (i.e., from IPv4 to IPv6).