Networks of amenities reveal universal homophily and heterophily across global cities

2026-05-08

AI Summary

This study quantifies the spatial patterns of homogeneous agglomeration and heterogeneous mixing of urban amenities across multiple spatial scales in cities worldwide and evaluates their impact on urban economic vitality. Leveraging facility data from approximately 800 cities, the authors develop a nonparametric Bayesian framework that integrates spatial network modeling with longitudinal panel analysis to systematically identify co-location patterns of amenities. The research reveals, for the first time, a universal spatial scaling law governing heterogeneous mixing—most pronounced at pedestrian-accessible scales—and demonstrates its superior predictive power over conventional diversity metrics in explaining neighborhood rental dynamics. Furthermore, the study establishes that agglomeration economies are primarily driven by the composition of amenity types rather than by local contextual factors.

Abstract

Agglomeration economies drive urban growth at different spatial scales by enabling productivity gains, knowledge spillovers, and shared inputs among proximate firms and amenities. To develop a unified science of cities it is thus important to understand how and to what extent different amenities cluster or mix across scales and regional contexts. By utilizing a novel Bayesian framework for nonparametrically quantifying the spectrum of possible mixing patterns of amenities in a city, we identify universal spatial scales of homophily (agglomeration) and heterophily (co-agglomeration) among different amenity types across roughly 800 cities worldwide. Through a detailed longitudinal case study, we also find that the changes in heterophilic mixing derived from our methodology more effectively predict changes in neighborhood rental values than the diversity of amenities present. These findings suggest that agglomeration economies exhibit universal spatial regularities that depend largely on the types of firms or amenities being considered, rather than their specifics or regional context, and highlight the benefit of heterophilic amenity mixing at walkable spatial scales.

Problem

• amenity mixing
• homophily
• heterophily
• agglomeration economies
• spatial scales

Innovation

• Bayesian nonparametric framework
• homophily
• heterophily
• agglomeration economies
• urban amenities