ISAC Network Planning: Sensing Coverage Analysis and 3-D BS Deployment Optimization

2025-06-22

AI Summary

This paper addresses the challenge in Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) networks of jointly achieving全域 high-accuracy localization and high-throughput communication through base station (BS) deployment. We propose a three-dimensional co-design framework that jointly optimizes BS spatial placement and path-loss modeling, grounded in Time-of-Arrival (ToA) localization and Cramér–Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) analysis. Crucially, we derive, for the first time, an approximate scaling law linking regional localization accuracy to service area: under a fixed number of BSs, the CRLB on localization error scales as κ^{2β} with respect to service area, explicitly characterizing the fundamental trade-off between coverage expansion and accuracy enhancement enabled by multi-BS cooperation. The proposed framework enables uniform high-precision localization coverage across the service region. It establishes a quantifiable, scalable theoretical foundation and design principles for joint sensing-communication deployment in ISAC networks.

Technology Category

• Planning, Routing, and Scheduling: Optimization of Spatio-temporal Systems
• Intelligent Robots: Localization, Mapping, and Navigation
• Search and Optimization: Local Search

Application Category

• Systems and Infrastructure for Web, Mobile and WoT: Location- and context-aware Web and WoT applications and services
• Security and Privacy: Large-scale security measurements
• Graph Algorithms and Modeling for the Web: Algorithms and analysis for incomplete, noisy, or partially observed Web-related graphs

Abstract

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) networks strive to deliver both high-precision target localization and high-throughput data services across the entire coverage area. In this work, we examine the fundamental trade-off between sensing and communication from the perspective of base station (BS) deployment. Furthermore, we conceive a design that simultaneously maximizes the target localization coverage, while guaranteeing the desired communication performance. In contrast to existing schemes optimized for a single target, an effective network-level approach has to ensure consistent localization accuracy throughout the entire service area. While employing time-of-flight (ToF) based localization, we first analyze the deployment problem from a localization-performance coverage perspective, aiming for minimizing the area Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (A-CRLB) to ensure uniformly high positioning accuracy across the service area. We prove that for a fixed number of BSs, uniformly scaling the service area by a factor κincreases the optimal A-CRLB in proportion to κ^{2β}, where βis the BS-to-target pathloss exponent. Based on this, we derive an approximate scaling law that links the achievable A-CRLB across the area of interest to the dimensionality of the sensing area. We also show that cooperative BSs extends the coverage but yields marginal A-CRLB improvement as the dimensionality of the sensing area grows.

Problem

• Optimizing ISAC network BS deployment for sensing and communication trade-off
• Maximizing target localization coverage while ensuring communication performance
• Analyzing deployment via ToF-based localization and A-CRLB minimization

Innovation

• Optimizes BS deployment for ISAC networks
• Minimizes area Cramer-Rao Lower Bound
• Employs time-of-flight based localization