Optimization and Deep Learning based Resource Allocation for UAV-Aided Wireless Communication with Rotatable Antenna Array

2026-07-09

AI Summary

This work addresses the limitations of fixed antenna arrays in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications—namely, constrained spatial degrees of freedom, strong channel correlation among users, and difficulty in guaranteeing multi-user quality-of-service (QoS). To overcome these challenges, the paper proposes a novel UAV communication architecture equipped with a three-dimensional rotatable antenna array, jointly optimizing antenna orientation and beamforming to maximize the system sum rate while satisfying individual user QoS constraints. The authors innovatively integrate the penalty dual decomposition (PDD) optimization framework with a graph neural network (GNN)-driven deep learning approach, achieving high QoS satisfaction rates with significantly reduced computational complexity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme substantially outperforms fixed-array baselines, and the learned model enables efficient real-time deployment with near-optimal sum-rate performance and strong robustness against user location errors.

Abstract

Multi-antenna unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided communication presents a promising solution to increase the system capacity and improve the quality of service (QoS) of the future wireless networks. In this paper, we equip a UAV platform with a rotatable antenna array (RAA), which can be rotated flexibly in three-dimensional (3D) space via an onboard gimbal, enabling additional spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) for improving multiuser signal transmission and interference management. Compared with a conventional fixed antenna array (FAA), the RAA can proactively align users with the high-gain region of its antenna elements and reduce the spatial channel correlations among users. To demonstrate the advantages of RAA, we jointly design the RAA orientation and beamforming to maximize the sum-rate of multiple users subject to per-user QoS constraints. The formulated problem is highly nonconvex and exhibits strong coupling between the RAA orientation and beamforming variables. To solve this challenging problem, we propose first an optimization framework based on the penalty dual decomposition (PDD) method to iteratively optimize RAA orientation and beamforming. While the optimization framework yields high reliability in QoS satisfaction and favorable sum-rate performance, its iterative nature may hinder real-time deployment. To accelerate the joint design and preserve a high-quality solution, we further propose a deep learning (DL) framework based on graph neural networks (GNNs). Simulation results demonstrate that RAAs significantly outperform FAAs in UAV-aided communication. Additionally, the proposed optimization framework is capable of satisfying stringent QoS requirements with high reliability, while the proposed DL framework attains comparable sum-rate performance with substantially reduced computation time and exhibits robustness to user position information errors.

Problem

• UAV-aided communication
• rotatable antenna array
• resource allocation
• sum-rate maximization
• QoS constraints

Innovation

• Rotatable Antenna Array
• UAV-aided Communication
• Penalty Dual Decomposition
• Graph Neural Networks
• Joint Beamforming and Orientation Optimization