Altitude-Dependent RSRP and RSRQ Trade-offs in 5G NR UAV Networks

2026-05-23

AI Summary

This study addresses the challenge of accurately evaluating key performance indicators for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in 5G New Radio (NR) networks, where their altitude-induced coverage and interference characteristics differ significantly from those of terrestrial users. The authors develop a 3GPP-compliant system-level simulation framework incorporating three-dimensional antenna radiation patterns, LOS/NLOS probability models, and multi-site tri-sector deployments. For the first time, they identify the critical altitude at which UAVs transition from coverage-limited to interference-limited regimes and quantify the coupled effects of inter-site distance and UAV height on RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR. Results reveal that SINR degrades sharply with increasing altitude due to dominant line-of-sight interference, while larger inter-site distances—despite reducing received power—effectively improve both SINR and RSRQ.

Abstract

Cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in 5G NR networks experience propagation and interference conditions that vary significantly with altitude and differ substantially from those experienced by terrestrial users. This is primarily caused by the down-tilted antenna sectors in 5G NR networks, which cause UAVs to be served (and interfered with) by the sidelobes. In this paper, we develop a 3GPP-compliant system-level framework for the consistent characterization of key performance indicators (KPIs) such as reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), and signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) in a multi-site tri-sector deployment with realistic antenna patterns and probabilistic models for line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that a critical transition for aerial users is experienced when going from coverage-limited to interference-limited conditions at higher altitudes. Although RSRP is affected by large-scale propagation characteristics and degrades gradually with increasing altitude and inter-site distance (ISD), SINR degrades much faster due to increased interference caused by LOS conditions. On the contrary, increasing ISD improves SINR and RSRQ due to lower interference, even as received power is reduced.

Problem

• UAV
• 5G NR
• RSRP
• RSRQ
• interference

Innovation

• 5G NR UAV networks
• altitude-dependent propagation
• 3GPP-compliant system-level simulation
• RSRP-RSRQ trade-off
• interference-limited regime