Residential Battery Pooling Under Backup Commitments

2026-05-17

AI Summary

This study addresses the inherent conflict between residential battery participation in electricity markets and the need to fulfill household backup requirements. The authors propose a model predictive control framework that coordinates pooled multi-household battery dispatch while strictly adhering to individual state-of-charge constraints and committed backup capacities. Using ERCOT market data and real-world load measurements from 543 households, the simulation quantifies—for the first time—the marginal economic benefits of battery pooling under realistic operational constraints and how these gains vary with tightening backup obligations. Results show that, compared to independent operation, the pooled strategy improves economic performance by 11.8%–13.5% under a 15-minute decision interval, with per-household weekly additional revenue declining from $1.49 under a 2-hour backup limit to $1.27 under a 24-hour limit.

Abstract

Residential batteries increasingly serve two roles: they can earn money by arbitraging wholesale prices and providing grid services, and they provide backup power during outages. This dual use creates a basic tradeoff between earning market value and preserving outage readiness. Coordination across many batteries can help, but a provider cannot treat the fleet as a single virtual battery when each household is promised its own backup protection. We compare standalone control, in which each home is dispatched independently, with pooling, in which homes are coordinated while each battery retains its own state of charge and household-specific backup requirement. Both regimes are implemented as model predictive control problems with 15-minute decision intervals and evaluated using household telemetry together with ERCOT market inputs. The empirical design focuses on the 543 homes in our sample that can support at least one backup product in standalone operation and studies backup caps ranging from 2 to 24 hours. Lower caps relax backup obligations, while the 24-hour cap coincides with assigning each home its own longest feasible backup tier. Pooling remains beneficial in this service-constrained setting, but its value declines smoothly as backup obligations tighten. Standalone firm margin ranges from \$11.06 per home per week at the 2-hour cap to \$10.79 at the 24-hour cap, while pooling benefit falls from \$1.49 to \$1.27 per home per week. Relative to standalone firm margin, pooling is worth about 13.5% at the 2-hour cap and about 11.8% at the 24-hour cap. Coordination therefore still helps after preserving household-level backup guarantees, but its value declines as backup obligations tighten.

Problem

• Residential Battery
• Backup Commitment
• Battery Pooling
• Energy Arbitrage
• Outage Readiness

Innovation

• residential battery pooling
• backup commitment
• model predictive control
• grid services
• energy arbitrage