Cross User/App Network Attacks - Hijacking TCP Connections and DNS Cache Poisoning via a Malicious User/App (Extended Version)

2026-09-08

AI Summary

本文通过恶意应用与远程攻击者协作，利用标准socket API调用等方法推断敏感连接状态，实现了对TCP连接劫持及DNS缓存污染的攻击。

Abstract

Off-path network attacks against TCP and DNS (over UDP) client-server connections are generally considered impractical nowadays, due to built-in security features in these protocols, e.g. randomized TCP (initial) sequence numbers and randomized UDP source ports, respectively. In this work, we refute this presumption by demonstrating that an unprivileged malicious application running on the client (but practically off-path), when combined with a remote off-path adversary, can enable powerful network attacks against such connections. We show how such a local--remote collaboration between the malicious application and a remote adversary allows inference of sensitive connection state, including TCP sequence numbers and DNS stub-resolver UDP source ports. Our attacks exploit standard socket API calls such as bind(), protocol mechanisms such as IP options, and operating system features such as cBPF and procfs to infer the TCP initial sequence number (ISN) and the UDP source port in use by the connection of interest. Specifically, we take advantage of certain properties of the ISN generation algorithm as implemented in major operating systems. We demonstrate TCP connection hijacking in Linux, Android, Windows, macOS and iOS, and DNS cache poisoning against Windows, Android and the popular systemd-resolved DNS stub resolver in Linux. We evaluate our techniques across multiple operating systems and realistic deployment settings, including environments behind port-preserving NAT-integrated routers. We disclosed our techniques to Microsoft, Apple, Linux and Google, which led to the release of several patches.

Problem

• Cross User/App Network Attacks
• TCP Connection Hijacking
• DNS Cache Poisoning

Innovation

• TCP connection hijacking
• DNS cache poisoning
• Off-path attack
• Socket API abuse
• Operating system vulnerabilities