Functional Attentive Interpretable Regression

2026-09-05

Abstract

In function-on-function regression, the coefficient surface $\beta(s,t)$ may exhibit complex support structure---from localized patches to global patterns such as disconnected regions, bands, or rings---where effect similarity does not align with Euclidean proximity. Projection-based methods that rely on fixed basis expansions can obscure such structure, while direct smoothing approaches risk oversmoothing the surface and its boundaries. We propose Functional Attentive Interpretable Regression (FAIR), which represents $\beta(s,t)$ directly through coordinate features and uses self-attention to learn effect-adaptive neighborhoods, enabling information sharing at both local and global scales. A scalar compression network maps these learned representations to the coefficient surface. Sparsity and smoothness penalties applied over these neighborhoods promote localized support with coherent boundaries. We establish a sieve equivalence to tensor-product spline spaces and derive convergence rates. Simulations and applications to oceanographic and hydrological data demonstrate that FAIR recovers support geometry more accurately than existing methods while achieving superior prediction, particularly under sparse sampling.

Problem

• function-on-function regression
• coefficient surface
• support structure
• projection-based methods
• direct smoothing

Innovation

• Functional Attentive Interpretable Regression (FAIR)
• self-attention
• effect-adaptive neighborhoods
• sparsity and smoothness penalties
• tensor-product spline spaces