Towards a Diagnostic and Predictive Evaluation Methodology for Sequence Labeling Tasks

2026-02-13

Technology Category

• Natural Language Processing: Interpretability, Analysis, and Evaluation of NLP Models
• Machine Learning: Evaluation and Analysis
• Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Diagnosis and Abductive Reasoning

Application Category

• Search and Retrieval-Augmented AI: Web evaluation methodologies and metrics
• Economics, Online Markets and Human Computation: Data quality aspects of human-annotated datasets
• Systems and Infrastructure for Web, Mobile and WoT: Web performance, measurement, and characterization

Abstract

Standard evaluation in NLP typically indicates that system A is better on average than system B, but it provides little info on how to improve performance and, what is worse, it should not come as a surprise if B ends up being better than A on outside data. We propose an evaluation methodology for sequence labeling tasks grounded on error analysis that provides both quantitative and qualitative information on where systems must be improved and predicts how models will perform on a different distribution. The key is to create test sets that, contrary to common practice, do not rely on gathering large amounts of real-world in-distribution scraped data, but consists in handcrafting a small set of linguistically motivated examples that exhaustively cover the range of span attributes (such as shape, length, casing, sentence position, etc.) a system may encounter in the wild. We demonstrate this methodology on a benchmark for anglicism identification in Spanish. Our methodology provides results that are diagnostic (because they help identify systematic weaknesses in performance), actionable (because they can inform which model is better suited for a given scenario) and predictive: our method predicts model performance on external datasets with a median correlation of 0.85.

Problem

• evaluation methodology
• sequence labeling
• out-of-distribution prediction
• error analysis
• model diagnostics

Innovation

• sequence labeling
• error analysis
• diagnostic evaluation
• predictive evaluation
• linguistically motivated test sets