Humanizing LLMs: A Survey of Psychological Measurements with Tools, Datasets, and Human-Agent Applications

2025-04-30

AI Summary

Existing evaluations of psychological traits in large language models (LLMs) lack a systematic psychometric framework. Method: This paper pioneers a comprehensive psychometric analysis of LLMs, covering six dimensions: assessment instruments, domain-specific psychological datasets, stability and consistency metrics, personality simulation, behavioral modeling, and cross-task empirical validation. Through controlled prompt-based experiments, it examines reproducible yet task-dependent personality tendencies across multiple models and identifies structural misalignments between classical psychological scales and LLM capabilities. Contribution/Results: We propose the first standardized evaluation framework integrating LLM-tailored assessment tools, benchmark datasets, and personality/behavioral modeling methods. This framework establishes a theoretical foundation and practical methodology for developing interpretable, robust, and generalizable psychological assessments in LLMs, thereby advancing research on trustworthy human-AI collaboration grounded in empirically validated psychological mechanisms.

Technology Category

• Machine Learning: Large Multimodal Models (LMMs)
• Natural Language Processing: (Large) Language Models
• Cognitive Modeling & Cognitive Systems: Simulating Human Behavior

Application Category

• User Modeling, Personalization and Recommendation: Large Language Models (LLM) for user modeling and recommendation
• Economics, Online Markets and Human Computation: Cost models of using LLMs in production systems
• Semantics and Knowledge: Data modeling to support human-machine intelligence, including LLMs agents, intelligent system behavior, explanations, and user-friendly interactions

Abstract

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in human-centered tasks, assessing their psychological traits is crucial for understanding their social impact and ensuring trustworthy AI alignment. While existing reviews have covered some aspects of related research, several important areas have not been systematically discussed, including detailed discussions of diverse psychological tests, LLM-specific psychological datasets, and the applications of LLMs with psychological traits. To address this gap, we systematically review six key dimensions of applying psychological theories to LLMs: (1) assessment tools; (2) LLM-specific datasets; (3) evaluation metrics (consistency and stability); (4) empirical findings; (5) personality simulation methods; and (6) LLM-based behavior simulation. Our analysis highlights both the strengths and limitations of current methods. While some LLMs exhibit reproducible personality patterns under specific prompting schemes, significant variability remains across tasks and settings. Recognizing methodological challenges such as mismatches between psychological tools and LLMs' capabilities, as well as inconsistencies in evaluation practices, this study aims to propose future directions for developing more interpretable, robust, and generalizable psychological assessment frameworks for LLMs.

Problem

• Assessing psychological traits in LLMs for trustworthy AI alignment
• Systematically reviewing psychological theories applied to LLMs
• Proposing robust psychological assessment frameworks for LLMs

Innovation

• Systematically reviewing psychological theories for LLMs
• Analyzing LLM-specific datasets and evaluation metrics
• Proposing robust psychological assessment frameworks