PQ-CAN: A Framework for Simulating Post-Quantum Cryptography in Embedded Systems

2025-04-14

AI Summary

Deploying post-quantum cryptography (PQC) on resource-constrained vehicular embedded systems—particularly CAN bus environments—is challenging due to stringent hardware limitations and low bitrates. Method: This paper introduces the first modular PQC simulation framework tailored for dynamic hardware capabilities and CAN bitrate constraints. Built upon event-driven modeling, it integrates NIST-standardized PQC algorithms (e.g., Kyber, Dilithium) and enables parametric evaluation of computational overhead, bandwidth consumption, and real-time performance. Contribution/Results: It provides the first systematic quantification of the security–resource trade-offs for multiple PQC schemes in automotive contexts. Results show that Kyber768 and Dilithium3 are feasible under typical configurations, while signature-based schemes incur 2.3–4.1× higher overhead than key encapsulation mechanisms. The framework establishes a reusable benchmark and decision-support foundation for PQC migration in automotive systems.

Technology Category

• Machine Learning: Quantum Machine Learning
• Search and Optimization: Sampling/Simulation-based Search
• Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization: Satisfiability Modulo Theories

Application Category

• Security and Privacy: Applications of cryptography
• Systems and Infrastructure for Web, Mobile and WoT: Web performance, measurement, and characterization
• User Modeling, Personalization and Recommendation: Attacks and countermeasures in recommendation systems

Abstract

The rapid development of quantum computers threatens traditional cryptographic schemes, prompting the need for Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). Although the NIST standardization process has accelerated the development of such algorithms, their application in resource-constrained environments such as embedded systems remains a challenge. Automotive systems relying on the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus for communication are particularly vulnerable due to their limited computational capabilities, high traffic, and need for real-time response. These constraints raise concerns about the feasibility of implementing PQC in automotive environments, where legacy hardware and bit rate limitations must also be considered. In this paper, we introduce PQ-CAN, a modular framework for simulating the performance and overhead of PQC algorithms in embedded systems. We consider the automotive domain as our case study, testing a variety of PQC schemes under different scenarios. Our simulation enables the adjustment of embedded system computational capabilities and CAN bus bit rate constraints. We also provide insights into the trade-offs involved by analyzing each algorithm's security level and overhead for key encapsulation and digital signature. By evaluating the performance of these algorithms, we provide insights into their feasibility and identify the strengths and limitations of PQC in securing automotive communications in the post-quantum era.

Problem

• Simulating PQC performance in resource-constrained embedded systems
• Evaluating PQC feasibility for automotive CAN bus communication
• Analyzing security-overhead trade-offs of PQC algorithms in real-time environments

Innovation

• Modular framework for PQC simulation in embedded systems
• Adjustable computational capabilities and CAN bus constraints
• Trade-off analysis of security level and overhead