Predicting the Emergence of the EV Industry: A Product Space Analysis Across Regions and Firms
🤖 AI Summary
This study examines how firms build competitive advantage in electric vehicles (EVs) amid electrification, software-defined automotive architectures, and circular economy imperatives—addressing critical capability gaps in electronics, batteries, and software.
Method: We construct a dual-layer (national–component) product space network and introduce “proximity centrality”—a novel metric replacing conventional proximity—to capture path dependence in capability upgrading. Our industry-specific product space covers 900+ automotive components. Integrating complex network analysis, export trade data mining, and cross-sectoral capability mapping, we quantify EV-related diversification potential.
Results: The EU exhibits substantially higher EV diversification potential than China—5.0× vs. 1.6× in vehicles and 4.6× vs. 4.5× in aluminum products. South Korea, the U.S., Canada, and China demonstrate strong EV-related multi-industry diversification capacity, whereas incumbent EU automakers face acute transformation pressure due to structural inertia.
Application Category
📝 Abstract
The automotive industry is undergoing transformation, driven by the electrification of powertrains, the rise of software-defined vehicles, and the adoption of circular economy concepts. These trends blur the boundaries between the automotive sector and other industries. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) production, where mechanical capabilities dominated, competitiveness in electric vehicle (EV) production increasingly depends on expertise in electronics, batteries, and software. This study investigates whether and how firms' ability to leverage cross-industry diversification contributes to competitive advantage. We develop a country-level product space covering all industries and an industry-specific product space covering over 900 automotive components. This allows us to identify clusters of parts that are exported together, revealing shared manufacturing capabilities. Closeness centrality in the country-level product space, rather than simple proximity, is a strong predictor of where new comparative advantages are likely to emerge. We examine this relationship across industrial sectors to establish patterns of path dependency, diversification and capability formation, and then focus on the EV transition. New strengths in vehicles and aluminium products in the EU are expected to generate 5 and 4.6 times more EV-specific strengths, respectively, than other EV-relevant sectors over the next decade, compared to only 1.6 and 4.5 new strengths in already diversified China. Countries such as South Korea, China, the US and Canada show strong potential for diversification into EV-related products, while established producers in the EU are likely to come under pressure. These findings suggest that the success of the automotive transformation depends on regions' ability to mobilize existing industrial capabilities, particularly in sectors such as machinery and electronic equipment.
Problem
Research questions and friction points this paper is trying to address.
Investigates how cross-industry diversification affects competitive advantage in EV production.
Analyzes product spaces to predict emergence of new comparative advantages in EV industry.
Examines regional capabilities and diversification potential for successful automotive transformation.
Innovation
Methods, ideas, or system contributions that make the work stand out.
Uses product space analysis to map cross-industry diversification
Applies closeness centrality to predict new comparative advantages
Identifies clusters of exported parts to reveal manufacturing capabilities
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