When Tool Outputs Become Commands: Separating Action Induction from Runtime Authorization in Tool-Augmented LLM Agents

2026-08-27

AI Summary

论文提出SARA方法，通过区分动作诱导和执行授权解决工具增强LLM代理中由工具输出引发的非预期实际操作问题。

Abstract

Tool-augmented LLM agents must rely on untrusted runtime Observations to complete open-ended tasks; however, when tool outputs no longer merely provide data but begin to specify concrete actions, they effectively become ``commands'' that can drive real-world side effects beyond user intent. We argue that this risk arises from conflating action induction with execution authorization. To address this distinction, we propose SARA, which treats action induction and execution authorization as distinct runtime roles and separates action provenance from execution authority. On the Observation side, a context-isolated Action Probe exposes action-inducing semantics and persistently records action-origin provenance across steps as a review signal; on the execution side, actual tool calls are authorized only against the user objective and audited evidence from authorized successful executions, while satisfying goal, execution-chain, and argument-level support. To preserve this separation across multi-step execution, SARA applies No-History-Promotion to prevent historical recurrence from laundering action origins into execution authority. Across AgentDojo and AgentDyn, SARA limits ASR to no more than \(0.63\%\) across four primary evaluation settings while maintaining competitive task utility, and consistently reduces ASR across additional Agent backbones.

Problem

• Tool-Augmented LLM Agents
• Action Induction
• Execution Authorization
• Runtime Observations

Innovation

• SARA
• Action Induction
• Execution Authorization
• No-History-Promotion
• Action Probe