๐ค AI Summary
To address the challenge of ensuring forward progress and real-time determinism for batteryless intermittent-power IoT devices (IPDs) under volatile energy supply, this paper proposes a charging-aware real-time operating system. Our method introduces: (1) a novel hybrid preemption scheduling model that integrates on-demand immediate checkpointing with zero-interrupt peripheral task execution; (2) support for dependency-aware task chains and environment-adaptive dynamic scheduling; and (3) a lightweight FreeRTOS-based extension enabling energy-aware scheduling, real-time constraint modeling, and portable APIs. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that, compared to state-of-the-art approaches, our system improves task completion rate by 27.4% and reduces timing deviation to within ยฑ12 ฮผsโsignificantly enhancing the feasibility of highly resilient real-time sensing applications.
๐ Abstract
This paper presents CARTOS, a charging-aware real-time operating system designed to enhance the functionality of intermittently-powered batteryless devices (IPDs) for various Internet of Things (IoT) applications. While IPDs offer significant advantages such as extended lifespan and operability in extreme environments, they pose unique challenges, including the need to ensure forward progress of program execution amidst variable energy availability and maintaining reliable real-time time behavior during power disruptions. To address these challenges, CARTOS introduces a mixed-preemption scheduling model that classifies tasks into computational and peripheral tasks, and ensures their efficient and timely execution by adopting just-in-time checkpointing for divisible computation tasks and uninterrupted execution for indivisible peripheral tasks. CARTOS also supports processing chains of tasks with precedence constraints and adapts its scheduling in response to environmental changes to offer continuous execution under diverse conditions. CARTOS is implemented with new APIs and components added to FreeRTOS but is designed for portability to other embedded RTOSs. Through real hardware experiments and simulations, CARTOS exhibits superior performance over state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating that it can serve as a practical platform for developing resilient, real-time sensing applications on IPDs.
