Rotational Motion-Induced Error Compensation for Phase-Shifting Profilometry-Based Eye Reconstruction

2026-07-16

AI Summary

This study addresses the degradation in reconstruction accuracy caused by phase errors due to inter-frame rotation in phase-shifting profilometry for dynamic 3D eye reconstruction. For the first time, the authors incorporate a model of eyeball rotational motion into the pipeline and propose a spherical coordinate-based rotation compensation framework. By fusing image motion cues with a user-specific eyeball model, the method estimates relative rotation to correct pixel misalignment and phase-shift errors, further enhanced by a region-adaptive optimization strategy to improve reconstruction quality. Experiments demonstrate that the approach significantly suppresses motion artifacts under non-uniform rotation in eye-mimicking scenarios, achieving higher reconstruction accuracy. Moreover, its generalizability is validated on non-spherical rigid objects, offering a novel pathway toward high-precision dynamic eye tracking.

Abstract

With the proliferation of immersive Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) for Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), reliable and high-precision eye tracking has become increasingly important. Conventional 2D image-based methods offer low system complexity but remain limited in stability, accuracy, and robustness. Three-dimensional ocular surface reconstruction can provide richer geomet-ric information, and structured light profilometry is particularly attractive because it enables dense and accurate surface measurement. However, Phase-Shifting Profilometry (PSP), which estimates phase from sequentially acquired fringe images, is highly susceptible to motion-induced errors when the eye rotates between frames. This study proposes a rotational motion compensation framework for PSP-based dynamic 3D eye reconstruction. Relative eye rotation is estimated from image-based motion cues using a user-specific 3D eye model in a spherical-coordinate domain. The estimated motion is then used to compensate for camera-pixel mismatch and phase-shift errors caused by inter-frame rotation. A region-wise optimization strategy is further introduced to reduce residual artifacts by inde-pendently refining the compensation strength in different ocular regions. Experiments with a rotating fake eye under non-uniform motion demonstrate that the proposed method substantially suppresses motion-induced deformation and improves reconstruction accuracy. An additional experiment with a non-spherical rigid object indicates that the compensation principle is not restricted to spherical eye geometry. These results establish a practical basis for stable PSP-based dynamic 3D eye reconstruction toward future high-precision eye tracking in immersive environments.

Problem

• Phase-Shifting Profilometry
• eye reconstruction
• motion-induced error
• rotational motion
• 3D eye tracking

Innovation

• Phase-Shifting Profilometry
• motion compensation
• 3D eye reconstruction
• rotational error
• region-wise optimization