Beyond Differences: Doubly Robust Meta-Learners for Ratio-Based Treatment Effects
This study addresses the challenge of robustly estimating the conditional average treatment effect expressed as a ratio (ratio-CATE), which arises in domains such as medicine, pricing, and marketing. Existing methods often rely on restrictive log-linear assumptions, limiting their applicability. To overcome this, the authors propose Q-Learner, a novel nonparametric framework that decomposes ratio-CATE into a product of two odds ratios and reformulates estimation as two propensity score-based classification tasks. Building on this formulation, they develop S/T- and Q-type doubly robust meta-learners with distinct robustness properties. Empirical evaluation demonstrates that Q-Learner achieves state-of-the-art performance across seven randomized controlled trials with low conversion rates, while the proposed doubly robust variants significantly outperform existing baselines on four observational datasets with confounding.