A Structure-Preserving Assessment of VBPBB for Time Series Imputation Under Periodic Trends, Noise, and Missingness Mechanisms
Traditional imputation methods struggle to preserve the dynamic structure of time series exhibiting periodic trends (e.g., seasonality), substantial noise, and complex missingness mechanisms (e.g., Missing Completely at Random, MCAR), leading to statistical bias. To address this, we propose a structure-preserving multiple imputation framework that innovatively integrates Variable Bandpass Periodic Block Bootstrap (VBPBB) for multi-band periodic component extraction into the Amelia II model, enabling periodicity-guided imputation. Our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art imputation techniques under challenging conditions—including high noise levels, multiple superimposed periodicities, and high missing rates—particularly in preserving periodic structure fidelity and improving estimation accuracy. Extensive experiments demonstrate its robust superiority across diverse missingness proportions and noise intensities. This work establishes a novel paradigm for reliable statistical inference on periodic time series.