Neural timescales from a computational perspective
This study addresses the definition, measurement, mechanisms, and functional roles of neural timescales in neural computation and brain function. We propose a unified tripartite framework integrating data-driven quantification, biophysically grounded modeling, and functional validation—combining multimodal neural recordings, leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) and adaptive exponential (AdEx) spiking network models, task-optimized recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and LSTMs, information-theoretic analyses, and causal inference methods. We systematically clarify theoretical distinctions among existing timescale estimation techniques and, for the first time, establish a causal link between slow membrane time constants and hierarchical computational capacity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that neural timescales serve as a necessary core variable mediating structure–dynamics–behavior mappings. These findings provide a methodological benchmark for standardized neural timescale characterization and lay a theoretical foundation for brain-inspired temporal processing architectures.