Q3DE: A fault-tolerant quantum computer architecture for multi-bit burst errors by cosmic rays
Multi-bit burst errors (MBBEs) induced by cosmic rays severely compromise the scalability of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Method: This paper proposes Q3DE, a low-overhead fault-tolerance enhancement architecture built within the surface code framework. Its core innovation is the first syndrome-based, transparent MBBE detection mechanism, integrated with dynamic logical encoding reconstruction and rollback-aware decoding—enabling real-time anomaly identification, decoding rollback, and recovery operation re-evaluation without hardware redundancy. Contribution/Results: By jointly optimizing dynamic code deformation and decoding, Q3DE reduces MBBE duration by 1000× and shrinks the affected qubit region by 50%, substantially alleviating stringent constraints on physical qubit density and chip footprint. This establishes a new paradigm for designing highly reliable, large-scale quantum processors.