Estimating Force Interactions of Deformable Linear Objects from their Shapes
This work addresses the challenge of accurately estimating external forces applied at non-end-effector locations on deformable linear objects—such as wires—during robotic manipulation, a key limitation for safe physical interaction. The authors propose a novel method that relies solely on depth-camera–derived shape observations, eliminating the need for additional force sensors or assumptions about end-effector contact. Under static equilibrium conditions, the approach formulates a linear system based on force–moment consistency to analytically estimate both the location and magnitude of external forces. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first technique capable of directly inferring arbitrary external forces from purely visual shape data, making it suitable for scenarios involving indirect manipulation or passive obstacles. Extensive simulations and real-world experiments demonstrate the method’s high accuracy and robustness in localizing and quantifying external forces.