TPTU: Large Language Model-based AI Agents for Task Planning and Tool Usage
To address LLMs’ weak task planning capability and brittle tool invocation in complex scenarios, this paper proposes TPTU—the first structured LLM agent framework that explicitly decouples and formalizes task planning and tool utilization as dual core competencies. It introduces a collaborative reasoning mechanism between single-step and sequential agents, supports extensible agent-type specialization, and integrates prompt engineering, dynamic tool selection, multi-step reasoning scheduling, and structured output parsing—ensuring compatibility with diverse mainstream LLMs. A systematic evaluation of 12 LLMs across representative tasks reveals three fundamental bottlenecks: insufficient planning depth, poor tool generalization, and weak error recovery. Based on these findings, we establish the first benchmark suite tailored for practical AI agents, providing both theoretical foundations and empirical pathways for advancing agent architecture design and capability enhancement. (149 words)