Inventory of the 12 007 Low-Dimensional Pseudo-Boolean Landscapes Invariant to Rank, Translation, and Rotation
This work proposes a robust landscape equivalence relation that simultaneously incorporates invariance under permutation, translation, and rotation, enabling a systematic classification of all pseudo-Boolean optimization functions—including non-injective cases—in dimensions one through three. By combining combinatorial enumeration with exhaustive verification, the study constructs for the first time a complete set of 12,007 invariant landscape classes, substantially fewer than those obtained under permutation invariance alone. The analysis reveals that non-injective functions dominate landscape diversity and elucidates intricate relationships among neutrality, deception, and the performance of hill-climbing algorithms. These findings provide a foundational resource for benchmark design and theoretical investigations in discrete optimization.