Leveraging Energy Features for Surface Classification with Deep Learning: A Comparative Analysis Across Three Independent Datasets
This study investigates the effectiveness of energy-based features for terrain classification in mobile robotics, particularly under modality-constrained scenarios where only a single sensory input is available. Through systematic evaluation on three public datasets, the work demonstrates for the first time that energy features alone possess strong discriminative capability as an independent modality. The experimental framework encompasses diverse deep learning architectures—including CNNs, RNNs, Encoder-only Transformers, and Mamba—augmented with automated hyperparameter tuning and optimized input sequence lengths. Results show that energy-only features achieve classification accuracies of 85–90%, which further improve to 96–99% when fused with inertial data, yielding an average accuracy gain of 1–2% and outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods.