AMHRP: Adaptive Multi-Hop Routing Protocol to Improve Network Lifetime for Multi-Hop Wireless Body Area Network
To address short network lifetime, high path loss, limited throughput, and energy imbalance in multi-hop wireless body area networks (WBANs), this paper proposes an adaptive multi-hop routing mechanism based on residual energy awareness and network load balancing. The method jointly considers node residual energy, link quality, and hop count to dynamically construct low-energy-consumption and high-reliability transmission paths. Leveraging stochastic node deployment and Poisson process modeling, it further optimizes topology design and energy allocation strategies. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly delays the time of first node death by up to 32.7%, reduces average path loss by 18.4%, improves throughput by 24.1%, and enhances system stability—thereby ensuring continuous and reliable transmission of critical physiological data.